Introduction
The MAX9979 is a highly integrated, dual-channel, pin-electronics (PE) IC for the automatic tester equipment (ATE) market. This design includes a dual, four-level, high-speed, driver/comparator/load (DCL) design with integrated clamps that can be placed into drive, high-impedance, and low-leakage modes. The operating speed exceeds 1 gigabit per second (1Gbps). The design includes the full integration of all levels through individual 16-bit internal digital-to-analog converters (DACs). Each channel also includes a fully integrated, parametric measurement unit (PMU), which has very accurate measurement capabilities and is a valuable addition to the design.
PMU Modes of Operation
The MAX9979's PMU has many modes of operation. However, only four (FVMI, FVMV, FIMI, and FIMV) are discussed in this application note.
Table 1 shows how to set the PMU for its four main modes. FMODE, MMODE, and active-low HIZFORCE are controlled by the internal serial interface. Active-low LLEAKP is an external pin.
Table 1. PMU Mode Selection
| PMU Mode |
Driver |
Comparator |
Load |
FMODE |
MMODE |
Active-Low LLEAKP |
Active-Low HIZFORCE |
| FVMI |
Low-leak |
Low-leak |
Low-leak |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| FVMV |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| FIMI |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| FIMV |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
Force Voltage Measure Current (FVMI)
In FVMI mode, an internally generated voltage (V
IN) is forced directly on the device-under-test (DUT) output pin. V
IN can be programmed from -2.5V to +7.5V with a resolution of 16 bits through the serial interface, though its valid range is -1.5V to +6.5V. Programming V
IN outside this valid range does not harm the MAX9979.
The voltage forced at the DUT node creates a current into or out of the DUT node. This current is monitored and measured at the MEAS pin, and it can be calculated as follows:
where I
LOAD is the current into or out of the DUT node, V
MEAS is the forced voltage, and V
IIOS is the offset programmed voltage. The serial interface bits RS0, RS1, and RS2 (shown in
Table 2) internally select the range resistors (R
SENSE).
Table 2. PMU Current-Range Control
| Digital Input |
Serial Interface Bits |
Range
(RSENSE) |
Active-Low LLEAKP |
Active-Low HIZFORCE |
RS2 |
RS1 |
RS0 |
| X |
X |
0 |
0 |
0 |
E (500kΩ ±2µA) |
| X |
X |
0 |
0 |
1 |
D (50kΩ ±20µA) |
| X |
X |
0 |
1 |
0 |
C (5kΩ ±200µA) |
| X |
X |
0 |
1 |
1 |
B (500Ω ±2mA) |
| X |
0 |
1 |
X |
X |
B* |
| 0 |
1 |
1 |
X |
X |
B* |
| 1 |
1 |
1 |
X |
X |
A (20Ω ±50mA) |
*Range A operation is not allowed for PMU high-impedance (high-Z) modes; PMU defaults to Range B operation.
Note that V
IIOS can be programmed from 0 to +5V, but the valid range has been set from +2V to +4V. Programming outside this valid range also does not harm the MAX9979.
In
Figure 1 and Table 1, V
IN is the forced input voltage, and it is set by an internal DAC. The DUT node is forced to the programmed V
IN through the closed feedback loop of U1, S1, S4, U3, S3, and S2. Controlled by the external SENSE pin, S4 allows the option to sense the load point directly. If S4 is closed, V
IN is forced at the load. By using this option, offset voltages errors due to board routings are removed.
Figure 1. Force voltage measure current (FVMI).
U2, U4, S5, and U6 are not in the feedback loop, but provide a path for the MEAS pin to monitor the load current. The voltage that appears at the MEAS pin is calculated using Equation 1.
Table 3 lists some examples of setups for FVMI mode.
Table 3. Examples of FVMI Mode Setups
VIN
(V) |
VIIOS
(V) |
Range
|
DUT Voltage
(V) |
VMEAS
(V) |
Load
(kΩ) |
Load
Current (µA) |
| +1 |
+2.5 |
D (±20µA) |
+1 |
+6.5 |
50 |
+20 |
| 0 |
+2.5 |
D (±20µA) |
+1 |
+2.5 |
50 |
0 |
| -1 |
+4 |
D (±20µA) |
-1 |
0 |
50 |
-20 |
*FSR = full-scale range.
Force Voltage Measure Voltage (FVMV)
FVMV mode operates similarly to FVMI mode. V
IN is forced at the DUT node (or the external load, if S4 is closed). The difference is in the measure path. Switch S5 is closed, and the MEAS pin now monitors the forced voltage. The MEAS pin can be offset by an internal voltage level called V
IOS. V
IOS can be programmed from -0.75V to +3.75V, but its valid range is specified to be 0 to +1.5V. By programming V
IOS to +1.5V, the MEAS pin can be offset by +1.5V and allow the use of an external unipolar ADC. In this way, the DUT range of -1.5V to +6.5V can be mapped to a 0 to +8V range on the MEAS pin.
Figure 2 differs from Figure 1 in that its mode switch is set to MMODE = 1. The MEAS pin is monitoring the voltage at the DUT node, as well as the ground-sense voltage (at the DGS pin) and V
IOS. The feedback loop is the same as the FVMI loop—specifically U1, S1, S4, U3, S3, and S2.
Figure 2. Force voltage measure voltage (FVMV).
The measurement path now consists of S4, U3, S5, and U5 to monitor voltage. Note that S5 is in the "1" position, or MMODE = 1.The MEAS pin can be offset by an internally set V
IOS in order to accommodate a unipolar analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
The MEAS pin can also be offset by any difference in ground potential through the DGS pin. The DGS pin can sense the load ground, which helps to eliminate any errors due to ground offsets. Similarly, the SENSE pin can also be set to sense the load directly.
Table 4 lists some examples of setups for FVMV mode.
Table 4. FVMV Mode Setup Examples
VIN
(V) |
VIOS
(V) |
Voltage at DGS
(V) |
DUT Voltage
(V) |
VMEAS
(V) |
| -1.5 |
0 |
0 |
-1.5 |
-1.5 |
| -1.5 |
+2 |
-0.5 |
-1.5 |
0 |
| -1.5 |
+1.5 |
0 |
-1.5 |
0 |
| +6.5 |
+1.5 |
0 |
+6.5 |
+8 |
The last two setups in Table 4 are designed with a V
IOS of 1.5V. The MEAS voltage range is unipolar (0 to 8V) for a -1.5V to +6.5V programmed input. This table shows how to use V
IOS so that any ADC can be connected to the MEAS pin.
Figures 1 and 2 show that a customer can have many MEAS pins from a number of MAX9979s all connected together and sharing just one ADC. Each MEAS output can be placed in a high-Z state by the internal serial interface bit, internal active-low HiZMEASS, or external active-low HiZMEASP pin. The customer must assert the high-Z function for the individual device intended to make the measurement.
Force Current Measure Current (FIMI)
In FIMI mode, V
IN is forced directly across the internally selected R
SENSE resistor. V
IN forces a current through this resistor—this current is calculated as shown in Equation 2. A programmed voltage of +1V represents the full-scale range (FSR) for that particular range. (See Table 2 for range selection.) For example, if we select Range D, an R
SENSE of 50kΩ, V
IN equal to 1V, and a V
IIOS of 0V, we then find the forced current (I
FORCE) to be 20µA using the following equation:
Therefore, 20µA is specified to be the FSR for Range D.
Note that, when V
IIOS equals V
IN, the forced current is 0µA. V
IIOS can be programmed from 0 to +5V, but its valid range is +2V to +4V. As in FVMI, programming outside of this range does not harm the MAX9979. V
IIOS can be considered the zero forced current voltage. It typically should be set to +2.5V, the same as the internally generated reference. The main function of V
IIOS is to set the MEAS pin voltage to be compatible with many different ADCs, such as a unipolar ADC.
As shown in
Figure 3, the feedback loop for FIMI mode consists of U1, S1, U2, U4, S3, and S2.
Figure 3. Force current measure current (FIMI).
Care must be taken in selecting the correct load to ensure that the output compliance of +6.5V, or -1.5V, is not exceeded.
Table 5 shows some FIMI setup options.
Table 5. Setup Examples for FIMI Mode
VIN
(V) |
VIIOS
(V) |
Range |
DUT Voltage
(V) |
VMEAS
(V) |
Load
(kΩ) |
Load
Current (µA) |
| +2.5 |
+2.5 |
D (±20µA) |
0 |
+2.5 |
50 |
0 |
| +6.5 |
+2.5 |
D (±20µA) |
+1.5 |
+6.5 |
50 |
+20 |
| -1.5 |
+2.5 |
D (±20µA) |
-1 |
-1.5 |
50 |
-20 |
| -1.5 |
+2 |
D (±20µA) |
-0.875 |
-1.5 |
50 |
-17.5 |
Force Current Measure Voltage (FIMV)
FIMV mode has the same feedback loop as described in the FIMI mode description. Thus the equation for forcing the current remains the same. For FIMV mode, MMODE is set to 1. As seen in
Figure 4, the MEAS pin now monitors the DUT voltage, since S5 is now set to 1.
Table 5 can be used for FIMV setup examples, with the difference being that the V
MEAS column would be exactly the same as the DUT voltage column. In other words, the MEAS pin is monitoring the DUT output.
Figure 4. Force current measure voltage (FIMV).
Summary
This application note used simple equivalent schematics to showcase the operation of the MAX9979's four PMU modes: FVMI, FVMV, FIMI, and FIMV. Because of these modes, the PMU adds considerable flexibility to the MAX9979 in customer designs. The MAX9979 and
MAX9979EVKIT data sheets are available for more detailed information.
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